Acacia Bark as Dye


__________________

A Research Proposal Represented to the Department of Science and Technology
(Special Science Curriculum)
Iligan City National High School
Iligan City

____________________

Submitted to:
Mrs. Annallee Q. Aron
Research Adviser
____________________

Submitted by:
Carmille Soliel C. Tabanao
Darlyn E. Tabañag
Catherine Grace N. Anggo

S.Y. 2007-2008

Approval Sheet

A research proposal entitled “Acacia Bark as Dye “ is proposed and submitted by Carmille Soliel C. Tabanao, Darlyn E. Tabañag and Catherine Grace N. Anggo of Einstein in fulfillment in Research IV has been examined for acceptance and approval.

Mr. Alberto S. Cabungcal Ms. Aimee R. Pareño Ms. Marjorie Y. Dumaug
Panel Member Panel Member Panel Member

The research is hereby approved in fulfillment in Research IV

Mrs. Annallee Aron Nida H. Gumera
Research Adviser Science Department Head
(1st and 2nd shifts )

i
Acknowledgement

This research paper has been made possible through the valuable contributions of various people to whom grateful acknowledgement is hereby made.
First of all the researchers would like to thank their parents for their precious encouragement, understanding, and their solicitous concern throughout the whole work. As well as for their financial and moral support which have helped the researchers a lot.
To Mrs. Annallee Q. Aron, their Research II Adviser, for her undying assistance and suggestion which have resulted to the completion and success of this research paper.
To the panelist members, thank you for sharing your knowledge to improved the Researchers study and as well as to your ideas and opinions to the research paper.
To the Researchers friends and classmates who have shared some knowledge and for the inspiration and full support for the success of the research paper.
And most of all to our Father Almighty for his guidance and for giving the researchers the knowledge and strength they need to complete this research paper.
ii

Abstract

The Acacia Bark is usually in curved pieces, externally grayish brown, darkening with age, often with irregular longitudinal ridges and sometimes transverse cracks. Acacia bark contains from 24 to 42 percent of tannin and also Gallic acid. The rampant production of dye can result to the declination of dye prices in markets which provokes lower quality of dye products. Because of these constituents and problems met the researcher are inspired to produce a dye from it
Acacia barks were gathered and were air-dried. Then soaked into the beaker with an ethanol and boiled to get the extract. Lastly, the different types of fabrics were submerged and dried for testing.
Based on the data gathered through a survey, acacia bark extract is good and can be a high-quality dye but its efficiency is greatly showed when using thick fabrics. The intense black color of dye, from Acacia bark, show that it has a possibility to be use as an alternative source of an Ink.


iii
Table of Contents

Page
Title Page
Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………….. i
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………. ii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………. iii
Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................. 1
Background of the Study ........................................................... 2 Significance of the Study ........................................................... 3
Statement of the Problem ........................................................... 3 Scope and Delimitation ............................................................... 4
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Study
Review of Related Literature ....................................................... 5-6 Review of Related Study .............................................................. 7-9 Conceptual Framework ................................................................. 10 Null Hypothesis ............................................................................. 11 Definition of Terms ...................................................................... 11-12
Chapter III: Methodology
Materials ........................................................................................ 13
Instrument Used ............................................................................ 13 Procedure ....................................................................................... 13-14 Data Gathering Procedure ............................................................... 15


Page
Chapter IV: Results and Discussion
Tables 1.1 – 1.4 ..................................................................................... 16-18
Statistical Test ....................................................................................... 19-21
Chapter V:
Summary ................................................................................................. 22
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 22-23
Recommendation .................................................................................... 23
Appendix .............................................................................................................. 24-28
Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 29

Chapter I
Introduction

Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described in Africa by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in 1773.
Acacias are also known as thorn trees or wattles, including the yellow-fever acacia and umbrella acacias.
There are roughly 1300 species of Acacia worldwide, about 960 of them native to Australia, with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemisphere, including Africa, Southern Asia and the Americas. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_tree)
Dye can be generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye)
1
Background of the Study
The Acacia Bark is usually in curved pieces, externally grayish brown, darkening with age, often with irregular longitudinal ridges and sometimes transverse cracks. Its inner surface longitudinally striated, fracture irregular and coarsely fibrous. It also has a slight tan-like odor and astringent taste.
Acacia’s bark contains from 24 to 42 percent of tannin and also Gallic acid. Because of these constituents the researcher are inspired to produce a dye from it. Medicinally it has special use in diarrhea, mainly in the form of a decoction, the British Pharmacopoeia preparation being 6 parts in 100 administered in doses of ½ to 2 fluid ounces. The decoction also used as an astringent gargle, lotion or injection.
(http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/acaci003.html)
Dyeing, process of coloring materials, such as textile fibers, so that the coloring matter becomes an integral part of the fiber. Dyes, or dyestuffs, are soluble compounds that can be either absorbed and retained by the fiber or chemically combined with it. Dyes are generally fast—that is, they retain their color in the fiber throughout the textile-making process and under exposure to normal wear, including sunlight, water, and detergent washing.
(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. )
As what was everyone observed, majority of the people today are using dye which made by other people, specifically the Chinese, which means that our local enterprising will undergo competition. That is why, as one of the responsible citizens in this country, the researchers are determined to make a high quality dye not only to sustain the needs of every Filipinos but also to help the economy of this country to stabilize through marketing this dye.
2
Significance of the Study

This research study is significant for another newly-discovered alternative dye using the bark of an acacia tree. As a possible result, dye prices in markets are expected to decline due to its uprising discoveries. The formulation of unique or probably improved research investigations concerning such matter together with the advancement of technology which is greatly influenced by the rapid westernization of the country could contribute mainly upon the solution of the severe illness the country is currently facing which is the undeniable poverty.
This could be an effective fabric coloring which would surely promote durability and long-lasting efficacy and satisfaction.

Statement of the Problem
This research study aims to answer the following questions:
1.) What is the color of the dye from the Acacia bark?
2.) Is there any significant difference between the long-lasting effect of acacia bark as dye applied on the fabrics with mordant and on fabrics without mordant in terms of color of the dye?
3.) Is there any significant difference between the effect of the color on the fabric of acacia bark as dye on the fabrics with and without mordant?

3

Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study is to determine the effectiveness of acacia bark used as dye on different types of fabrics with and without mordant and it is limited only in producing dye from acacia bark.
This study was conducted at Iligan City National High School by the researchers namely Carmille Soliel C. Tabanao, Darlyn E Tabañag and Catherine Grace N. Anggo Fourth Year Students, Section Einstein of Science Curriculum S.Y. 2007-2008.

4
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Review of Related Study

Review of Related Literature
Dyeing, process of coloring textile fibers and other materials so that the coloring matter becomes an integral part of the material rather than a surface coating. Dyeing consists of immersing the textile or yarn in a solution of a dyestuff and raising the solution temperature to enable sufficient dyestuff to pass from the solution into the fibers. The textile material and the dye solution selected must have an affinity. If a consistent color is to be produced, the dye liquid must be evenly applied, and must permeate the material thoroughly. The material must therefore be moved continually, as the even wetting of the material by the dye liquid is crucially important. Printing is a process allied to dyeing in which a fixed pattern is applied to one side of the fabric by means of a dyestuff carrier paste.
Dyeing is a complex, specialized science. Today nearly all dyestuffs are synthetically produced compounds, and in most instances surpass natural dyes.
(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. )
Acacia, important genus of trees or shrubs of the legume family. Most of the 1,200 species of the genus are native to tropical regions and Australia. The normal type of leaf is bipinnate (divided into leaflets), but it is often modified, especially among the species that have had to adapt to the intense heat and drought of Australia. Some Australian species have modified leaves called phyllodes.
5
Many species have hooks or thorns, the latter are sometimes enlarged at the base and house ants that deter other climbing plants and other insects. The genus is of great and varied economic importance, yielding edible seeds, and valuable timber and gum.
(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. )
Acacia bark is a usually curved piece, externally grayish brown, darkening with age, often with irregular longitudinal ridges and sometimes transverse cracks. Inner surface longitudinally striated, fracture irregular and coarsely fibrous. It has a light tan-like odor and astringent taste. (http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/acaci003.html)
The bark is hard and woody, rusty brown and tending to divide into several layers. The outer surface of colder pieces is covered with thick blackish periderm, rugged and fissured. The inner surface is red, longitudinally striated and fibrous. (http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/acaci003.html)
It contains from 24 to 42 percent of tannin and also Gallic acid. Its powerful astringency causes it to be extensively employed in tanning. (http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/acaci003.html)

6
Review of Related Study
Walnut as Dye
Description
Black walnut trees can grow from 45 to 75 feet tall. They are deciduous trees whose leaves turn a bright yellow in the fall. Older trees have bark which has broad, irregular ridges. Black walnut trees can often be found growing along creek beds.
Black walnut leaves are divided into 9 to 19 leaflets which are lance-shaped. Nestled in among the leaves you can find the walnuts, enclosed in their green husks.
INGREDIENTS
*2 1/2 gallons whole walnuts inside their green husks
12 oz. mordanted wool
12 quarts water
METHOD
1) Cover walnuts (with their husks on) with water, and soak 3 days.
2) Boil 2 hours.
3) Cool a few hours. Add water if needed so yarn won't be crowded.
4) Add presoaked, mordanted yarn. Boil 2 hours.
5) Cool in dye bath.
6) Rinse.
7) Dry in shade.
(http://home.onemain.com/~crowland/Pages/Walnut.html)
7
Beets as Red Dye
Materials
• 2 pots
• Beets
• Wool or fleece
• Alumn
• Strainer

Steps
1.) Turn on your stove burner to high. Fill a pot with about 4 quarts of water and place it on the stove. Allow the water to come to a full boil.
2.) Clean and cut up about 2 pounds of beets. Cut them into small pieces.
3.) Place the beets into the boiling water carefully and allow to boil for an hour. Watch the water turn red as the water boils.

4.) While your waiting for the beet dye to finish boiling, prepare the fabric that you wish to dye (wool or fleece is best) so the fabric will retain the color. In a stainless steel pot, dissolve 5 ½ oz of alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) in 4 gallons of warm water.

8
5.) Place your wet fabric into the alumn mordant mixture and stir with a wooden spoon. Boil it in the mixture for 20 minutes. Remove, cool and wring out the fabric.

6.) Using a strainer, strain the beets from the dye mixture after it has boiled for an hour.
Throw out the beets and keep the red dye mixture simmering on the stove.

7.) Place the wet fabric from the alumn mordant mixture into the dye. Boil the fabric in the dye for 1 hour or until it turns red.
(http://www.ehow.com/how_2079352_make-red-dye-from-beets.html)

9
Conceptual Framework:

Dye from Acacia bark Extract
on Katrina Fabric with
mordant
 effect of the color on
Experimental Set-up fabric
it’s long-lasting effect
color of the dye

Dye from Acacia bark Extract
On Katrina Fabric without
mordant ExperimentalSetup
10
Null Hypothesis

1) There is no significant difference between the long-lasting effect of acacia bark as dye applied on the fabrics with mordant and on fabrics without mordant in terms of color of the dye.
2) There is no significant difference between the effect of the color on the fabric of acacia bark as dye on the fabrics with and without mordant.

Definition of Terms
1.) Affinity  a measure of the likelihood of a chemical reaction taking place between two substances.
2.) Bark  hard covering or rind of the stem, branches, and roots of a tree or other plant, as distinguished from the wood.
3.) Bipinnate  used to describe leaves divided into leaflets that are themselves subdivided
4.) Dyes  are soluble compounds that can be either absorbed and retained by the fiber or chemically combined with it: can be generally being described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.
5.) Fabric  cloth of any type made from thread or fibers, whether woven, knitted, or felted.
6.) Gallic Acid  a colorless crystalline solid that occurs in plants and is obtained from tannin. It is used as a tanning agent, in making inks and paper, and in photography.

11
7.) Long-lasting effect  the number of times the Katrina fabric was washed after dyeing process.
8.) Mordant  a substance that fixes a dye in and on textiles and leather by combining with the dye to form a stable insoluble compound.
9.) Phyllode  a flat leaf stalk that functions as a leaf in certain plants, such as the acacia.
10.) Tannin  a brownish or yellowish substance found in plants and used in tanning, dyeing, and as an astringent.
12
Chapter III
Methodology

Materials:

 2 pieces of 200 mL Beakers
 Tripod
 Wire Gauze
 Alcohol Lamp
 Weighing scale
 70% solution of Alcohol
 2 Bottles of Denatured Alcohol
 4 pcs. of Katrina cloth 4 x 4 inches
 Ferrous Sulfate
 Acacia Bark
(Outer part of the bark)

Procedure:
Gathering of Materials:

Prepare the needed materials and the apparatuses. Be sure that the materials are thoroughly cleaned, including the dried acacia bark and the Katrina cloth. Katrina should have four pieces with the sizes of 4 x 4 inches. Separate the four pieces of Katrina fabric so that you will have four sets. Let set 1 and set two be applied with mordant but set two will be washed with detergent to determine the long lasting effect while set three and set four without mordant but set four will be washed with detergent same as set two.

13
A. Extracting Dye from Acacia Bark:
Measure the volume of alcohol which is about 175 mL. and weigh 100 grams of acacia bark. Soak the acacia bark in the beaker with alcohol. Cover the beaker and leave it for about 2 hours. After soaking, boil it with the use of an alcohol lamp until you can get the extract. Let it cool.

B. Applying Mordant:
Get a Petri dish and put water unto it. Mix the Ferrous Sulfate to produce a mordant. Then, apply an appropriate amount of mordant on the fabrics you selected to be applied with mordant.

C. Evaluating the efficacy of Acacia bark as Dye:
First, soak the fabric without mordant into the cooled acacia bark extract. Leave it for 15 minutes. After soaking the fabric, remove it from the beaker. Hang to dry. Then, soak the other fabric without mordant into the extract and leave it for 15 minutes. Let it dry. After drying, wash it with detergent and let it dry. Repeat the process for at least two days. Next, soak the other fabric with mordant into the cooled acacia bark extract. Leave it for 15 minutes. After soaking the fabric, remove it from the beaker. Hang to dry. Then soak the fabric with mordant. After drying, wash it with detergent and dry it again. Repeat the process for at least two days. This is done to test the long-lasting effect of the dye from the acacia bark extract. Get the comparison of the Fabrics with and without mordant through a survey. Determine which of the four pieces does acacia bark’s dye will show the best result on both set-ups – with and without mordant.

14
Data Gathering Procedure
Survey Questionnaire - 30 respondents will be ask to answer the question about the color of the dye, effect of the color on the fabric and the long-lasting effect of dye on the fabric.

15
Chapter IV
Results and Discussion

This Table shows the number of respondents who gave their comment regarding the color and long-lasting effect of acacia bark as dye applied on the Katrina cloth with mordant.
Table 1.1
30 Female Respondents
Katrina (with mordant)
Color Long-lasting Effect
01  
02  
03  
04  
05  
06  
07  
08  
09  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
15  
16  
17  
18  
19  
20  
21  
22  
23  
24  
25  
26  
27  
28  
29  
30  

16
This Table shows the number of respondents who gave their comment regarding the color and long-lasting effect of acacia bark as dye applied on the Katrina cloth without mordant.
Table 1.2
30 Female Respondents Katrina (without mordant)
Color Long-lasting effect
01  
02  
03  
04  
05  
06  
07  
08  
09  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
15  
16  
17  
18  
19  
20  
21  
22  
23  
24  
25  
26  
27  
28  
29  
30  

Legend:

  Excellent   Very Good

  Undecided   Poor

17

These two tables shows the comments of the 30 female respondents in percentage form regarding the color and long-lasting effect of the acacia bark’s dye applied on the Katrina fabric with and without mordant.
With Mordant Without Mordant
Table 1.3 Table 1.4
30 Female

Respondents Katrina

Color

Excellent (  ) 33.33%

Very Good ( ) 63.33%

Undecided (  ) 3.33%

Poor (  ) 0%

Long-lasting Effect

Excellent (  ) 13.33%

Very Good ( ) 13.33%

Undecided (  ) 46.67%

Poor (  ) 26.67%
30 Female

Respondents Katrina


Color

Excellent (  ) 23.33%

Very Good ( ) 73.33%

Undecided (  ) 3.33%

Poor (  ) 0%

Long-lasting Effect

Excellent (  ) 23.33%

Very Good ( ) 60%

Undecided (  ) 16.67%

Poor (  ) 0%


This table implies that the acacia bark’s dye is more effective on the Katrina cloth without mordant in terms of color with a percentage of 33.33%
This table also shows that the acacia bark’s dye is more effective on the Katrina cloth with mordant in terms of long-lasting effect with a percentage of 23.33%

18
The Statistical Calculation for Quality Test

This table shows the Statistical Calculation for the Quality Test on the effects of Acacia bark’s Dye on the Katrina cloth with and without mordant in terms of it’s color and long-lasting effect.

Table 1.5
Effects of dye Katrina Cloth Total

Katrina fabric with mordant Color Long-lasting Effect 6.27
3.2 3.07
Katrina fabric without
mordant 3.3 2.13 5.43

Total
6.5 5.2 11.7


a. Ho: There is significant difference on the quality test of the fabrics with and without mordant (Katrina).

b. H1: There is no significant difference on the quality test of the fabrics with and without mordant (Katrina).

c. X2 > 7.815 ; Mean = 30

d. Use 0.05 level of significance

19
e. Computation:

For 3.2: (6.5)(6.27) = 3.483
11.7

For 3.07: (5.2)(6.27) = 2.7867
11.7

For 3.3: (6.5)(5.43) = 3.0167
11.7

For 2.13: (5.2)(5.43) = 2.413
11.7

Table 1.1 Results using Chi- Square Distribution

OF EF OF - EF ( OF-EF ) 2 ( OF – EF ) 2/EF
3.2 3.483 -0.283 0.08 0.023
3.07 2.7837 0.2833 0.08 0.029
3.3 3.0167 0.2833 0.08 0.027
2.13 2.413 -0.283 0.08 0.033
∑ ( OF – EF ) 2/EF = 0.112

f. Decision:

Ho – accepted : since / 0.112 / is less than / 7.815 /. Therefore there is significant.

H1 - rejected : difference on the quality test of the fabrics with and without mordant
(Katrina)
20

STATISTICAL TABLE
TEST MEAN Level of Significance Computed Value Critical Value DECISION
Chi-square 30 0.05 0.112 7.815 Ho=accepted
H1=rejected

This Statistical table shows the use of Chi-square to test the significance of the datas. The null hypothesis states that there is a significant difference on the color and long-lasting effect on the acacia bark extract applied on the Katrina fabric.

21
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

SUMMARY
This study was conducted at Iligan City National High School; ESEP Building last February 23, 2006 and was conducted to produce a dye from the Acacia Bark and its efficacy as a black dye for cloth. This was produced through extraction then the Katrina fabrics were submerged for testing.
After conducting the experiment, the researchers made an evaluation regarding the result through a sensory evaluation or survey.

CONCLUSION
Based on the result of the Chi-square Test, there is a significant difference on the quality test of the fabrics with and without mordant (Katrina cloth) since the value of
∑ (OF-EF) 2/EF is equal to 0.122 and it is within the range which is x2>7.815.
Based on the conducted experiment, the dye from the Acacia bark is black-colored.
According to the sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, there is a significant difference on the long-lasting effect of Acacia bark extract as dye applied on the Katrina cloth with mordant and on the Katrina cloth without mordant. There is a significant difference on the effect of the color of Acacia bark’s dye on the fabrics with and without mordant.
22
Therefore, the Acacia bark can be a good source of dye. Through a survey, the researchers determined how effective the Acacia bark as dye is.


RECOMMENDATION
The researchers would like to recommend that:
1) The acacia bark extract can also be used in making an ink.































23
The Researchers
















Name: Tabanao, Carmille Soliel Casuco
Surname First Name Middle Name

Nickname: Cam2x and Carm Sex: Female

Birth date: February 13, 1991

Age: 17 yrs. Old

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: Purok 1 Merila, Iligan City

Cell # or Tel. # : 0927691087




26



















Name: Anggo, Catherine Grace Nillas
Surname First Name Middle Name

Nickname: Grace Sex: Female

Birth date: February 29, 1992

Age: 16 yrs. Old

Religion: Latter Day Saints

Address: Zone 5 Del Carmen, Iligan City

Cell # or Tel. # : 09164339801


27




















Name: Tabañag, Darlyn Entrampas
Surname First Name Middle Name

Nickname: Ate Darl Sex: Female

Birth date: March 16, 1991

Age: 16 yrs. Old

Religion: Jehovah’s Witnesses

Address: Purok 5 Zone 6 Fuentes Maria Cristina, Iligan City

Cell # or Tel. # : 09168263854

28
Bibliography



“Acacia Tree”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_tree)
“Acacia Tree”.(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. )
“Acacia bark “.(http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/acaci003.html)
“Dye”.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye)
“Dye”.(Microsoft ® Encarta ® Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. )
“Dye”.(http://home.onemain.com/~crowland/Pages/Walnut.html)
“Dye”.(http://www.ehow.com/how_2079352_make-red-dye-from-beets.html)