Dulaw as Dye

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study
Round Turmeric (Cucurma Domestica Valet) is commonly known in our community by the name “dulaw”. The plant is native to Southern Asia. The parts of this plant used medicinally are the rhizome and the root. Turmeric is a close relative to Ginger Root, and is used as a cooking spice in India & other Asian countries. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of jaundice and other liver ailments, ulcers, parasitic infections, various skin diseases, sprains, strains, bruises, inflammation of the joints, cold and flu symptoms, preserving food, and promoting digestion. Native peoples of the Pacific sprinkled the dust on their shoulders during ceremonial dances, and used it for numerous medical problems ranging from constipation to skin diseases.
A perennial plant with roots or tubers oblong, palmate, and deep orange inside; root-leaves about 2 feet long, lanceolate, long, petioled, tapering at each end, smooth, of a uniform green; petioles sheathing spike, erect, central, oblong, green; flowers dull yellow, three or five together surrounded by bracteolae. It is propagated by cuttings from the root, which when dry is in curved cylindrical or oblong tubers 2 or 3 inches in length, and an inch in diameter, pointed or tapering at one end, yellowish externally, with transverse, parallel rings internally deep orange or reddish brown, marked with shining points, dense, solid, short, granular fracture, forming a lemon yellow powder. It has a peculiar fragrant odor and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste, like ginger, exciting warmth in the mouth and colouring the saliva yellow. It yields its properties to


water or alcohol. As a culinary herb, the stimulating taste of Turmeric adds zip to foods. As a
healthful herbal tonic, it is said to provide warming, soothing benefits to the joints, liver, and stomach. Women also appreciate its calming benefits during periods of monthly discomfort. (http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new088.html#01)

From the classifications above, natural dye will be the end product of this research, because the source of dye is a rhizome from Round Turmeric .And so, we got the idea of making a study out of a dye from Round Turmeric when accidentally while treating various infection using the rhizome wherein it stained our white shirts.

Statement of the Problem
Dye is used to color objects or textiles and as of now dyes are getting expensive.
This study was conducted to extract dye from rhizomes of Round Turmeric.
1. Is there any significant difference between the color produced from Round Turmeric dye and mangosteen dye?
2. Is there any significant difference between the dye quality of Round Turmeric and Mangosteen?
3. What is the color of the extracted dye?
4. What type of cloth will the dye retain its color more, polyester, cotton, gina earth, or in satin after bleaching, rubbing with running water, and sun exposure?

Hypothesis
1.There will be a difference between the dye of Round Turmeric and Mangosteen dye.
2. There will be a difference between the dye quality of Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
3. The color of the extracted dye is dark yellow.
4. The dye retains more on the cotton and polyester clothes after bleaching, rubbing with running water and sun exposure.

Significance of the study
Today, prices of foods and other accessories keep on increasing. One of these
things is dye. The researchers attempt to find some alternative sources for cheaper cost.
This study aims to prove if round turmeric can change the color of the clothes. If this research will succeed in producing high quality natural dyes, then this would be a great help for low-income families.

Scope and Delimitations
This research dealt with the extraction of Round Turmeric rhizomes and comparing it to Mangosteen dye. It involves with a mordant bath, money, time, and especially round turmeric was the components to succeed in the round turmeric dye making which will be conducted at ESEP Building at the laboratory of Iligan City National High School (ICNHS) S.Y. 2007-2008.
This study will only limit on producing dye out of rhizomes from round turmeric (dulaw), comparing it to mangosteen dye and in testing the products quality with people who are high in color sensitivity specifically females because color blindness is typically a genetic condition, and it is much more common in men than in women. Approximately one in 12 men has at least some color perception problems. Less common, acquired deficiencies stem from injury, disease, or the aging process. Also, although not called "color blindness," when people age; their corneas typically turn yellowish, severely hampering their ability to see violet and blue colors. (http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolors/2C.html)

The researchers also limit their study by using mangosteen dye not a commercial dye as their control variable since mangosteen’s chemical properties, physical properties and its composition are already known to them.

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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Literature

Round Turmeric
Round Turmeric (Cucurma Domestica Valet) is commonly known in our community as “Dulaw”. It is herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the natural order Zingibreae. It is native of Southern Asia, and being cultivated on a large scale. Round Turmeric, representing the main rhizomes is ovate or pear shaped, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, and marked externally with the numerous annular wrinkles. Sometimes it comes cut into transverse segments. Turmeric is used principally as a constituent of curry powders and other condiments and is already a part of the cultures of most Muslim in the Philippines. The contents of many of the cells becoming swollen to form pasty masses which are colored yellow by the curcumin present in the cells. It has been employed in the treatment of chronic cholecystitis. Also, it grows in all kinds of soil and is suitable to our environment. Round Turmeric has been used from remote areas as a condiment and to a more limited extent as a medicine. It is also used for bruises.
Used in the recommended amounts, turmeric is generally safe. It has been used in large quantities as a condiment with no adverse reactions. While some herbal books recommend not taking high amounts of turmeric during pregnancy as it may cause uterine contractions and people with gallstones or obstruction of bile passages should consult their healthcare practitioner before using turmeric. Round Turmeric Dye which is a natural dye has no side effects on skin.
(http://www.evitamins.com/healthnotes.asp?ContentID=2175005)


Dye
Dyes give color to the textile, fabrics or clothes and to other materials including some foods. Dyes can be natural or synthetic. Natural Dye can be obtained from vegetable, mineral resources, and plants. A dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Both dyes and pigments appear to be colored because they absorb some wavelengths of light preferentially. In contrast with a dye, pigment is generally is insoluble, and has no affinity for the substrate. Some dyes can be precipitated with an inert salt to produce a lake pigment.
“Dye is a colored substance used to impart more or less permanent color to other substances”. Most of the dyes are used in clothing and textiles where it passes in a long process. Humans have applied color to clothing for nearly all of recorded history including Egyptians, Indians, Chinese, and other ancient people. Usually in these days dye making or dyeing needs machines to come up with the dye but here, in this research only the simpliest and the easiest process is used. Dyes are obtained from wood, barks, flowers, leaves, fruits and seeds of various plants. The country is compelled to import for about $20 million worth of dyes, tannins, and printing pigments annually due to lack of local manufacturers of either synthetic or natural dyestuffs.
According to Groiler Childrens Encyclopedia (1994, p.215) most dyes are now made from chemicals. To dye an object, dip it in water containing dissolved dye. If the dye is fast, the object will keep its dyed color no matter how often you wash it.” Dyes are generally fast, that's why they retain their color in the fiber throughout the dyeing process. There are types of dyes.

First and the most common is the natural dye which is made from plants and animals. Second is the mineral dye made from materials dug from the earth. A synthetic dye which is composed of man made chemical substances is the last and least used. Synthetic Dyes are toxic it can create allergic reaction to skin and contaminate the environment. Because of the disadvantages of synthetic dye, natural dyestuff has revived in Europe, Japan, and U.S.
(http://www.hort.cornell.edu/plantsandtextiles/pdfs/indigo/introduction.pdf)

Curcumin
The curcumins are polyphenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric. Curcumin can exist in at least two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. Since curcumin is brightly colored, it may be used as a food coloring. As a food additive, its E number is E100.
The active constituent known as curcumin has been shown to have a wide range of therapeutic actions. First, it protects against free radical damage because it is a strong antioxidant. Second, it reduces inflammation by lowering histamine levels and possibly by increasing production of natural cortisone by the adrenal glands. Third, it protects the liver from a number of toxic compounds. Fourth, it has been shown to reduce platelets from clumping together, which in turn improves circulation and may help protect against atherosclerosis. (http://www.evitamins.com/healthnotes.asp?ContentID=2175005)
Curcumin, the major constituent of turmeric is a known antioxidant. We have examined the oxidative folding of the model four-disulfide-bond-containing protein bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) in its presence; results indicate that RNase A regeneration rate increases in a curcumin-dependent manner. Examination of the native tendency of the fully-reduced polypeptide and the stability of key folding intermediates suggests that the increased oxidative folding rate can be attributed to native-like elements induced within the fully-reduced polypeptide and the stabilization of native-like species by this non-redox-active natural product. Our results provide a template for the design of curcuminoid-based synthetic small-molecule fold catalysts that accelerate the folding of ER-processed proteins; this assumes significance given that nitrosative stress and dysfunction of the ER-resident oxidoreductase protein disulfide isomerise due to S-nitrosylation are factors associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17959149)
Curcumin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic activities. However, the modulatory effect of curcumin on the functional activation of primary microglial cells, brain mononuclear phagocytes causing the neuronal damage, largely remains unknown. The current study examined whether curcumin influenced NO production in rat primary microglia and investigated its underlying signaling pathways. Curcumin decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 3.7 μM. It also suppressed both mRNA and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating that this drug may affect iNOS gene expression process. Indeed, curcumin altered biochemical patterns induced by LPS such as phosphorylation of all mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and DNA binding activities of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein (AP)-1, assessed by reporter gene assay. By analysis of inhibitory features of specific MAPK inhibitors, a series of signaling cascades including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and NF-κB was found to play a critical role in curcumin-mediated NO inhibition in microglial cells. The current results suggest that curcumin
is a promising agent for the prevention and treatment of both NO and microglial cell-mediated neurodegenerative disorders. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T99-4KR3JRN-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F19%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4cd385a5c1de1dcfed135c0fd7b8055b)
Mordant
A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye. It may be used for dyeing fabrics, or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. A mordant is either inherently colloidal or produces colloids and can be either acidic or alkaline.
Mordants include tannic acid, alum, chrome alum, sodium chloride, and certain salts of aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, iodine, potassium, sodium, and tin. Iodine is used as a mordant to set the first dye in gram stains. Phosphomolybdic acid is also used as a mordant to set light green when staining with Masson's trichrome stain. Mordants are two part "developed" dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. The initial bath imparts a yellow or pale chartreuse color. This is oxidized in place to produce the brownish we are familiar with in rusts.It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the hard metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them. (http://www.evitamins.com/healthnotes.asp?ContentID=2175005)

Gallic Acid
Gallic acid is created by the hydrolysis of gallotannic acid. Gallotannic acid consists of a glucose molecule with 5 gallic acid groups or di-gallic acid groups in any combination. Galls contain a high concentration of gallotannic acid but less of gallic acid. To increase the gallic acid concentration, the gallotannic acid can be hydrolyzed during preparation.of the ink. This can be achieved best by boiling the gallotannic acid in an acidic environment or by letting the gallotannic acid solution ferment. Enzymes released by the mold react with the glucose and hydrolyze the gallic acid in the process.

The iron(II) ions of the vitriol react with both gallic acid and gallotannic acid. The precise chemical structure of the iron gall ink pigment has recently been investigated by two researchers (C.H. Wunderlich and C. Krekel) and each has developed different theories on the structure of the colored compound.
Wunderlich was able to form black crystals using Fe(III)Cl3 and gallic acid in a gel of sodium silicate. He suggests that the iron reacts with the three hydroxyl groups of gallic acid and with the carboxyl group, creating a three dimensional structure. The color formation in this ferric tannate complex is due to shifting electron pairs in the benzene ring and oxygen/iron bonds. Using Mossbauer and XANES spectroscopy he was able to determine an oxidation state (Fe 3+). Wunderlich created these molecules using Fe(III) ions. However, when iron gall ink is produced using iron sulfate, the ferrous tannate complex is formed with Fe(II).
Krekel has researched pigment formation using different metals under varying circumstances. He was able to create a black pigment which he examined using different analysis techniques (mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry and Mossbauer spectrometry). His study suggests that the black pigment, instead of an iron gallic acid complex, is an iron pyrogallol complex. (http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/ink/ink_chemical.html)
Gallic acid can bound with a metal such as copper as shown by this structure. (http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/joceah/65/i21/figures/jo000335zh00005.html)

This structure shows that curcumin (diferuloylmethane) belonging to the same organic group as the gallic acid can also bind with metal such as Fe+2. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin)

Review of Related Studies
Indigo Dyeing
Indigo works by a chemical reaction called oxidation-reduction. Indigo does not dissolve in water. It must be reduced — i.e. the oxygen must be removed— in the presence of alkali by a reducing agent such as thiourea dioxide (thiox), sodium hydrosulfite, Zinc, or bacteria. Upon reduction, indigo becomes colorless and water soluble. In this state, indigo has a high affinity for cellulosic fibers and enters the open spaces of the fiber. The dyed fibers are then exposed to air, which oxidizes the dye molecule back to its insoluble form. The insoluble dye particles are trapped inside the fiber, coloring them permanently blue. Unlike most dyes, indigo forms a mechanical, not chemical, bond.
Indigo is a vat dye, so named because the traditional processing of indigo included fermenting the leaves in a vat (vessel). The fermentation process reduces indicant to its colorless, soluble form that fabric can absorb. To prevent premature oxidation, dyeing must take place in the absence of air. This fact dictates the technology of indigo dyeing. If one brushes the dye solution onto fabric, the brush might turn blue but not the fabric as the dye would become insoluble between the dye vat and the fabric. Traditional patterning of indigo-dyed fabrics usually depends on 1) fabric structure — mixing indigo yarns with other yarns, 2) physical resists that prevent dye penetration, 3) chemical resists that prevent dye oxidation, or 4) removal (discharge) of color after dyeing. A more recent option is the use of Inkodye, a soluble vat dye that has been preprocessed into the reduced form for direct application. (http://www.hort.cornell.edu/plantsandtextiles/pdfs/indigo/introduction.pdf)
“Tibor (1996) cited that a good dye must posses qualities such as colorfastness, long storage life and color intensity. He also cited that our country is blessed with vast natural resources, which can be utilized for sources of natural dyes.”
“Castillo (2002) also cited that when something is dyed, chemical or physical forces hold the color fast to the object. If these forces are not holding the color fast, the material is stained, not dyed. The chemical and physical forces are of different kinds and many dyes will stick firmly
to some materials but wash out of others easily”. Example, a blue colored dye holds firmly in cotton and red dye holds firmly on a silk fabric; however, the blue one fades faster on silk while the red one fades faster on cotton.”
“Lomansoc (2004) cited that in 1956, the introduction of reactive dyes for cotton, silk and wool revolutionized dyeing methods. While other dyestuffs form only loose bonds with fibers, reactive dyes form stable chemical links with textile materials to produce colored fabrics with excellent overall fastness.”
“Batu (2004) cited that in 1855, William Perkin, an 18-year-old chemistry student discovered a purple dye accidentally. The dye was not particularly fast but it became popular. Perkin called it mauve from the French word mallow. One of the most famous historical dye was Tyrian purple; a dye produced from shells of the marine mollusk Murex brandaris . This dye was expensive and in ancient Rome, it was reserved for the ruling class (hence the term “royal purple”).
“Gaid (2003) cited that extraction is the process used in organic chemistry to separate mixtures. Solvents are used in which the component to be extracted is highly soluble. After treatment of the mixture with the solvent which now contains the extracted material, the desired substance may be isolated by removal of the solvent through distillation or evaporation.”
Daro (2004) cited that the plant and animal fibers we use to make our textiles have little natural color. They are mostly off-white or brownish-yellow. We therefore have to add color to them in a form of a dye.
A dye must be dissolved before it can work. When textiles are placed into a dye bath (dye solution), the fibers absorb the molecules of the dye. These molecules give the fibers the desired colors.
A colorfast fabric does not change color under normal use. Such substance like chlorine bleach and perspiration may also affect the colors of fabrics.”
Gaid's research is all about extraction of oils or essential oil from oregano leaves. We cited a part in which he discusses the extraction process which improved our information about the extraction process.
Daro's research is also about dyes and dyeing. She discusses in the citation the fibers and textiles that is linked to dyeing. She also talked about the factor that affects the dye color in the textile. Her citation is also like Gaid's, the process of dye solution.
Tibor's research is about dyeing that's why we cited his citation. We all know that each organism is unique and because of that research's also has its own originality. Castillo's research is all about comparison of two kinds of dyes in one species or source called gemilina plant. Our research is about extraction of dye or finding a good source of dye from a rhizome. His /Her research is about comparing or comparison while ours is about extraction or production.
The research title of Lomansoc's research is “production of dye from the Sap of an avocado seed” while ours is “Extraction of Dye from Rhizomes”. In that case, production and extraction have almost the same meaning so we may expect that my research and
Lomonsoc's research has the same objectives. There may be difference but their objectives are similar.


Conceptual Framework

Null Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference between the degree of yellow color from Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
2. There is no significant difference between the cloth dyed with Round Turmeric and Mangosteen when bleached with detergent soap.
3. There is no significant difference between the cloth dyed with Round Turmeric and Mangosteen when ran with water.
4. There is no significant difference between the cloth dyed with Round Turmeric and Mangosteen when exposed to sunlight.
5. The color of the extracted dye is not dark yellow.
6. The dye did not retain more on the cotton and polyester clothes after bleaching, rubbing with running water and sun exposure.

Definition of Terms
Cotton - Thread or cloth manufactured from the fiber of these plants. (Cotton plant)
Discoloration - a change in the original or desired color of something that gives it an
unpleasant, faded, darkened, or dirty appearance.
Dye - is colored substance used to impart color textiles.
Dyeing - the use of the dye to change color of something permanently.
Fiber - fabrics thread
Linen - Cloth woven from the thread made from the fibers of the flax plant.
Mordant - Serving to fix colors in dyeing.
Quality test- used to measure the degree of change in color from white to yellow.

Satin - A smooth fabric, as of silk or rayon, woven with a glossy face and a dull back.


CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

Materials:
Round Turmeric Forceps
Clean Water Camera
Detergent Soap Beaker
Mortar and Pestle Dropper
Knife Pyrex
Clean Containers Gloves
Mordant (FeSO4) Mordant Cloths (cotton, gina earth, satin, polyester)

Gathering of Materials:
The researchers collected and gathered all needed materials and apparatuses for such experimentation. The materials were then washed thoroughly and were made sure that they were free from dirt. The quality of the materials that were used was secured because there may be damages or leaks that could greatly affect the experiment. In dyeing, four kinds of cloths will be used: cotton, gina earth, satin and polyester. Each of the fabrics should be 3 by 4 inches wide. And there should be 2 pieces of cloth of each kind.

Extraction of Dye from Round Turmeric
1. Gather as many “dulaw” as needed to produce at least 100ml. extract. In extracting, use clean rubber or gloves to avoid such dirt that may affect the quality of the dye.
2. Peel the “dulaw” and then place it into mortar. The peeled “dulaw” were then pounded using the pestle for about 15 minutes or until there is a liquid matter.
3. Place the liquid matter and the pounded “dulaw” on the pyrex with clean water filling the container half full.
4. Boil the liquid and residue on a stove for about 15 minutes.
5. Filter the boiled residue leaving the liquid one in a clean container.
6. Cool the dye for 5 minutes.
7. Observe the color of the dye.

Applying Mordant
1. Treat the four pieces of clothes of each kind on the bought mordant and soaked it for about 30 minutes in a clean container. This stables the dye on the cloths.

Dyeing Cloth with Round Turmeric
1. Soak the cloths on the container with the dye on it including the four cloths which were applied with mordant.
2. Place the cloths and dyestuffs on the cleaned pyrex again.
3. Boil. Wait for about 15 minutes, and then let it cool for a while.
4. Remove the cloths out from the boiled pyrex then let them dry.

Quality and Discoloration Test
1. Cut all the cloths in halves to have 4 fabrics in each kind of cloth.
2. Discoloration test was performed on the other three cloths.
a. The first cloth was bleached with detergent for one hour.
b. The second was washed with running water for 30 seconds.
c. The third was in sun exposure for 30 minutes.
QUALITY TEST DISCOLORATION TEST
1 – Extreme change in color from white 1- No change in color
2- Change in color from white 2- Less change in color
3- Less change in color from white 3- Change in color
4- No change in color from white 4- Extreme change in color
d. And the fourth was the control or the original fabric with no signs of discoloration.

3. The three fabrics were then compared to the fourth cloth.
4. There were 30 female respondents who compared and graded the dye colorfastness and discoloration qualities. The grading was based as follows:
5. The cloth on its original color will be compared on each other; gina earth, cotton, satin and polyester.
6. The cloths that went to several exposures will also be compared on each other.


CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 There were 30 female respondents who rate the quality of the dye stuff s to come up with these results.

Table A1: Quality of the dye on the fabrics using Round Turmeric
Respondents # Gina Earth Satin Polyester Cotton
1 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 2 2
2 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 1
3 2 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 1
4 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
5 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
6 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
7 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
8 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 1
9 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1
10 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 1
11 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 1
12 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 2
13 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 1
14 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 1
15 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 3
16 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2
17 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1
18 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
19 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 2
20 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 2
21 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 1 2 3 1
22 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 2 3 1
23 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 2
24 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 2
25 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 1
26 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
27 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 1
28 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 1 2 3 1
29 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 1
30 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 1


QUALITY TEST
1 – Extreme change in color from white
2- Change in color from white
3- Less change in color from white
4- No change in color from white
Legend:


Table A2: Quality of the dye on the fabrics using Mangosteen
1 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 3
2 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 2
3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 2
4 3 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 1 2
5 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 2
6 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 2
7 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2
8 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1
9 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2
10 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 2
11 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 2
12 2 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 3 2 2 3
13 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 1 2
14 3 3 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2
15 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 1
16 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 1
17 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 1
18 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 1
19 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1
20 2 1 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 1
21 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 1
22 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2
23 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
24 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 1
25 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
26 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2
27 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 2
28 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2
29 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 1 1 2
30 3 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2
Respondents # Gina Earth Satin Polyester Cotton


QUALITY TEST
1 – Extreme change in color from white
2- Change in color from white
3- Less change in color from white
4- No change in color from white
Legend:

• STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS FOR QUALITY TEST
Table 1. Results for Quality Test
Type of Dye Type of Cloth Total
Round Turmeric Dye Satin Gina Earth Polyester Cotton
8.02
2.31 1.91 1.85 1.95
Mangosteen 2.53 2.02 2.0 1.62 8.17
Total 4.84 3.93 3.85 3.57 16.19
a. H0 : There is significant difference on the quality test between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
b. H1 : There is no significant difference on the quality test between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
c. x2 > 7.815 ; Mean = 30
d. Use 0.05 level of significance
e. Computation:
For 2.31: (8.02)(4.84) = 2.44 For 2.53: (8.17)(4.84) = 2.44
16.19 16.19
For 1.91: (8.02)(3.93) = 1.98 For 2.02: (8.17)(3.93) = 1.98
16.19 16.19
For 1.85: (8.02)(3.85) = 1.91 For 2.0: (8.17)(3.85) = 1.94
16.19 16.19
For 1.95: (8.02)(3.57) = 1.77 For 1.62: (8.17)(3.57) = 1.8
16.19 16.19
Table 1.1. Results Using Chi-Square Distribution
OF EF OF-EF (OF-EF)2 (OF-EF)2/EF
2.31 2.44 -0.13 0.0169 0.00693
1.91 1.98 -0.07 0.0049 0.002475
1.85 1.91 -0.06 0.0036 0.001885
1.95 1.77 0.18 0.0324 0.01831
2.53 2.44 0.09 0.0081 0.00332
2.02 1.98 0.64 0.4096 0.2069
2.0 1.94 0.06 0.0036 0.001856
1.62 1.80 -0.18 0.0324 0.018
x2 = 0.2597
f. Decision:
H0 - Accepted ; since /0.2597/ is less than /7.815/. Therefore there is significant
H1 - Rejected difference on the quality test between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen
 Three obstacles were applied on the fabrics to determine their discoloration rate. The researchers discussed the following results gathered from the experiment.

Table B1: Discoloration after bleaching using Round Turmeric Dye
Respondents # Gina Earth Satin Polyester Cotton
1 3 4 2 4
2 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 4 3
4 4 4 3 4
5 4 3 2 4
6 4 4 3 4
7 4 4 3 4
8 3 4 3 4
9 3 4 4 3
10 4 4 3 4
11 3 4 3 4
12 4 3 4 4
13 4 4 3 4
14 3 4 3 4
15 3 4 2 4
16 3 4 3 4
17 3 4 3 4
18 4 4 4 4
19 4 4 2 3
20 3 4 4 3
21 4 4 3 4
22 4 4 3 4
23 3 3 3 4
24 4 4 3 3
25 4 4 3 4
26 4 4 3 4
27 4 3 3 4
28 4 4 3 4
29 4 3 3 4
30 4 3 3 4

Legend:
DISCOLORATION TEST
1- No change in color
2- Less change in color
3- Change in color
4- Extreme change in color


Table B2: Discoloration after bleaching using Mangosteen Dye


Respondents #
Gina Earth
Satin
Polyester
Cotton
1 3 3 2 4
2 3 4 2 4
3 3 4 3 4
4 3 4 4 3
5 4 4 3 3
6 4 3 2 3
7 4 3 3 3
8 4 3 3 3
9 4 4 3 4
10 3 3 3 4
11 3 4 3 4
12 3 3 3 4
13 4 3 4 4
14 3 3 2 3
15 3 3 2 4
16 3 3 4 4
17 3 3 3 3
18 4 3 4 4
19 4 4 3 4
20 4 4 3 4
21 4 4 3 4
22 3 3 2 4
23 4 3 2 3
24 4 4 3 4
25 3 3 4 4
26 4 4 4 4
27 3 3 4 4
28 4 4 4 4
29 3 4 4 3
30 4 3 4 3
DISCOLORATION TEST
1- No change in color
2- Less change in color
3- Change in color
4- Extreme change in color

Legend:


• STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS FOR DISCOLORATION TEST
Table B: Discoloration after bleaching


Type of Dye Type of Cloth Total
Round Turmeric Dye Satin Gina Earth Polyester Cotton
14.337
3.77 3.67 3.067 3.83
Mangosteen 3.43 3.5 3.067 3.67 13.667
Total 7.2 7.17 6.134 7.5 28.004
a. H0 : There is significant difference on the discoloration test undergoing bleaching for 30 minutes between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
b. H1 : There is no significant difference on the discoloration test undergoing bleaching for 30 minutes between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
c. x2 > 7.815 ; Mean = 30
d. Use 0.05 level of significance
e. Computation:

For 3.77: (14.337)(7.2) = 3.686 For 3.43: (13.667)(7.2) = 3.514
28.04 28.004


For 3.67: (14.337)(7.17) = 3.671 For 3.5: (13.667)(7.17) = 3.499
28.004 28.004

For 3.067: (14.337)(6.134) = 3.140 For 3.067: (13.667)(6.134) = 2.994
28.004 28.004

For 3.83: (14.337)(7.5) = 3.840 For 3.67: (13.667)(7.5) = 3.660
28.004 28.004


Table 2. Results Using Chi-Square Distribution


OF EF OF-EF (OF-EF)2 (OF-EF)2/EF
3.77 3.686 0.084 0.00706 0.001915
3.67 3.671 -0.001 0.000001 0.00000027
3.067 3.140 -0.073 0.00533 0.001697
3.83 3.840 -0.01 0.0001 0.000026
3.43 3.514 -0.084 0.00706 0.00201
3.5 3.499 -0.001 0.000001 0.000000286
3.067 2.994 0.073 .00533 0.00178
3.67 3.660 0.01 0.0001 0.0000273
x2 = 0.0074559

f. Decision:
H0 - Accepted ; since /0.0074559/ is less than /7.815/. Therefore there is significant
H1 - Rejected difference on the discoloration test undergoing bleaching for 30 minutes between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen
 On the bleaching test Cotton retained the most color among the others as what the respondents see. And as expected, the Satin fabric had the better result than the other clothes.


Table C1: Discoloration after pouring with water using Round Turmeric Dye

Respondents #
Gina Earth
Satin
Polyester
Cotton
1 3 2 3 3
2 2 2 3 3
3 2 2 3 3
4 2 2 2 3
5 2 2 2 3
6 3 2 2 3
7 2 2 2 3
8 2 2 2 3
9 2 2 2 3
10 2 2 2 3
11 1 2 2 2
12 1 2 2 3
13 3 2 2 2
14 2 2 2 3
15 2 2 2 3
16 2 2 2 3
17 3 1 2 3
18 3 1 2 2
19 3 2 1 3
20 3 2 2 3
21 1 2 2 3
22 2 2 2 3
23 2 2 2 3
24 2 3 2 3
25 2 2 2 4
26 2 2 2 3
27 1 2 2 3
28 2 2 2 3
29 3 2 2 3
30 2 2 2 3

Legend:
DISCOLORATION TEST
1- No change in color
2- Less change in color
3- Change in color
4- Extreme change in color


Table C2: Discoloration after pouring with water using Mangosteen Dye

Respondents #
Gina Earth
Satin
Polyester
Cotton
1 3 2 1 3
2 2 2 2 3
3 2 2 2 3
4 2 2 2 3
5 2 2 2 2
6 2 3 3 3
7 2 2 2 2
8 2 3 3 2
9 2 1 3 3
10 1 1 2 3
11 2 2 2 3
12 2 2 2 3
13 1 2 2 2
14 3 2 2 2
15 3 2 3 2
16 3 3 2 2
17 2 2 3 3
18 2 2 1 2
19 2 2 3 3
20 2 2 1 3
21 2 2 3 4
22 2 2 3 3
23 2 2 3 3
24 3 2 2 3
25 1 2 2 3
26 2 2 2 3
27 2 2 2 3
28 2 3 2 3
29 2 2 2 3
30 3 2 2 3

Legend:
DISCOLORATION TEST
1- No change in color
2- Less change in color
3- Change in color
4- Extreme change in color


• STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS FOR DISCOLORATION TEST
Table C: Discoloration after pouring with water
Type of Dye Type of Cloth Total
Round Turmeric Dye Satin Gina Earth Polyester Cotton
9.06
1.93 2.13 2.07 2.93
Mangosteen 2.03 2.1 2.2 2.77 9.1
Total 3.96 4.23 4.27 5.7 18.16
a. H0 : There is significant difference on the discoloration test undergoing pouring with water for 30 seconds between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
b. H1 : There is no significant difference on the discoloration test undergoing pouring with water for 30 seconds between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
c. x2 > 7.815 ; Mean = 30
d. Use 0.05 level of significance
e. Computation:
For 1.93: (9.06)(3.96) = 1.98 For 2.03: (9.1)(3.96) = 1.98
18.16 18.16

For 2.13: (9.06)(4.23) = 2.11 For 2.1: (9.1)(4.23) = 2.12
18.16 18.16

For 2.07: (9.06)(4.27) = 2.13 For 2.2: (9.1)(4.27) = 2.14
18.16 18.16

For 2.93: (9.06)(5.7) = 2.85 For 2.77: (9.1)(5.7) = 2.86
18.16 18.16



Table 3. Results Using Chi-Square Distribution

OF EF OF-EF (OF-EF)2 (OF-EF)2/EF
1.93 1.98 -0.05 0.0025 0.001263
2.13 2.11 0.02 0.0004 0.0001896
2.07 2.13 -0.06 0.0036 0.00169
2.93 2.85 0.08 0.0064 0.00225
2.03 1.98 0.05 0.0025 0.001263
2.1 2.12 -0.02 0.0004 0.0001887
2.2 2.14 0.06 0.0036 0.00168
2.77 2.86 -0.09 0.0081 0.002832
x2 = 0.011356
f. Decision:
H0 - Accepted ; since /0.011356/ is less than /7.815/. Therefore there is significant
H1 - Rejected difference on the discoloration test undergoing pouring with water for 30 seconds between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
 On the rubbing through running water, as what we've expected, the cotton fabric and the Gina earth again retained the most color. Surprisingly the Polyester and satin fabrics had the lowest average on retaining the color which means they only retain a little pigment.

Table D1: Results after Cloths underwent sunlight exposure for 30 minutes using Round Turmeric Dye



Respondents #
Gina Earth
Satin
Polyester
Cotton
1 2 3 2 3
2 2 3 2 2
3 3 2 2 2
4 2 3 3 2
5 2 3 3 2
6 3 3 2 2
7 3 3 2 2
8 3 3 2 2
9 3 3 2 2
10 3 3 2 2
11 3 3 2 2
12 2 2 3 3
13 3 3 2 2
14 2 2 2 2
15 2 3 2 3
16 2 1 3 3
17 2 3 2 2
18 2 3 2 2
19 3 2 3 3
20 2 2 4 3
21 3 3 2 2
22 3 3 2 1
23 2 3 2 2
24 3 3 2 2
25 3 3 2 1
26 3 3 2 2
27 3 3 2 2
28 3 3 2 2
29 2 3 2 2
30 3 3 2 2


Legend:
DISCOLORATION TEST
1- No change in color
2- Less change in color
3- Change in color
4- Extreme change in color


Table D2: Results after Cloths underwent sunlight exposure for 30 minutes using Mangosteen Dye


Respondents #
Gina Earth
Satin
Polyester
Cotton
1 3 3 2 2
2 3 3 2 2
3 3 3 3 2
4 3 2 3 2
5 3 2 3 2
6 3 2 2 2
7 3 2 2 2
8 3 2 2 2
9 3 2 2 2
10 3 2 2 2
11 2 2 3 2
12 3 2 3 2
13 2 2 3 2
14 3 2 3 2
15 3 2 2 2
16 3 2 2 2
17 3 2 2 1
18 2 2 4 1
19 3 1 2 2
20 3 2 2 2
21 3 2 2 2
22 3 2 2 2
23 3 2 3 2
24 3 2 2 3
25 4 2 2 2
26 3 2 3 2
27 3 2 3 2
28 3 2 2 2
29 3 2 2 2
30 3 2 2 2

Legend:
DISCOLORATION TEST
1- No change in color
2- Less change in color
3- Change in color
4- Extreme change in color

Table D: Results after Cloths underwent sunlight exposure for 30 minutes



Type of Dye Type of Cloth Total
Round Turmeric Dye Satin Gina Earth Polyester Cotton 9.7

2.77 2.57 2.23 2.13
Mangosteen 2.067 2.93 2.4 1.97 9.367
Total 4.837 5.5 4.63 4.1 19.067
a. H0 : There is significant difference on the discoloration test undergoing sunlight exposure for 30 minutes between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
b. H1 : There is no significant difference on the discoloration test undergoing sunlight exposure for 30 minutes between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
c. x2 > 7.815 ; Mean = 30
d. Use 0.05 level of significance
e. Computation:
For 2.77: (9.7)(4.837) = 2.461 For 2..067: (9.367)(4.837) = 2.376
19.067 19.067

For 2.57: (9.7)(5.5) = 2.798 For 2.93: (9.367)(5.5) = 2.702
19.067 19.067

For 2.23: (9.7)(4.63) = 2.355 For 2.4: (9.067)(4.63) = 2.275
19.067 19.067

For 2.13: (9.7)(4.1) = 2.086 For 1.97: (9.067)(4.1) = 2.014
19.067 19.067

Table 3. Results Using Chi-Square Distribution


OF EF OF-EF (OF-EF)2 (OF-EF)2/EF
2.77 2.461 0.309 0.095481 0.038798
2.57 2.798 -0.228 0.051984 0.018579
2.23 2.355 -0.125 0.015625 0.006635
2.13 2.086 0.044 0.401936 0.000929
2.067 2.376 -0.309 0.095481 0.040186
2.93 2.702 0.228 0.051984 0.019239
2.4 2.275 0.125 0.015625 0.006868
1.97 2.014 -0.044 0.001936 0.000961
x2 = 0.13219
f. Decision:
H0 - Accepted ; since /0.132195/ is less than /7.815/. Therefore there is significant
H1 - Rejected difference on the discoloration test undergoing sunlight exposure for 30 minutes between the type of cloth (satin, gina earth, polyester, and cotton) dyed in Round Turmeric and Mangosteen.
 The last obstacle was sunlight exposure for 30 minutes. They hardly retained their color But there are some who retained more and retain less. Cotton and polyester were the fabrics that retained more color while satin fabric retained less.

DISCUSSIONS:
After the experiment the researchers extracted the dye from the Round Turmeric rhizomes. The dye was a little sticky because it was boiled. When it is applied on cloths, the dye which adheres to the fabric was not good compared to the researcher's expectations.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The researchers conclude the following:
1.) The researchers with the respondents concluded that the color of the dye is Pale yellow to dark yellow.
2.) After summing up their rates, the cotton fabric was chosen as the cloth which retains dye
color even passing through bleaching, rubbing with running water, and exposure.
3.) The researchers with the respondents concluded that Satin fabric exhibits an attractive and glamorous color among the others.
4.) Based from the results above, the researchers concluded that rhizomes from Round Turmeric have the potential in producing dye out of it.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers would like to recommend the following:
1.) To use other kinds of mordant in order to improve the quality of the dye.
2.) The researchers would also like to recommend different kinds of textiles by using Round Turmeric dye.
3.) Try also to compare the round turmeric dye to commercial ones.
4.) The researchers would also recommend other plants to be used.

5.) If possible, discover another color that round turmeric rhizomes can produced aside from golden and dark yellow.
RESPONDENT'S PAPER
Quality
of dye Gina Earth Satin Polyester Cotton
Color of Yellowish brown
Dye
Discoloration

Bleached
Poured
with
Water
Sunlight Exposure
Name & Signature of Respondent











APPENDICES


THE MATERIALS USED





















WEIGHING OF ROUND TURMERIC



















PEELING OF RHIZOMES






















POUNDING OF RHIZOMES
























BOILING THE POUNDED ROUND TURMERIC























THE CLOTHES SOAKED WITH MORDANT























BOILING THE EIGHT CLOTHES IN THE DYE
























THE DYE WITH THE CLOTHES BOILING ON THE PYREX




















THE DYE STUFF BEING HANGED























THE CLOTHES WHICH WERE DYED























DISCOLORATION TEST

CLOTHES EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT
 DURING





















 AFTER





















CLOTHES WITH RUNNING WATER
 DURING






















 AFTER























CLOTHES SOAKED WITH DETERGENT
 DURING























 AFTER






















BIBLIOGRAPHY



Internet Sites:

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin)

(http://www.mdidea.com/products/new/new088.html#01)

(http://www.evitamins.com/healthnotes.asp?ContentID=2175005)

(http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolors/2C.html)

(http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/joceah/65/i21/figures/jo000335zh00002.html)

(http://www.hort.cornell.edu/plantsandtextiles/pdfs/indigo/introduction.pdf)

(http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/ink/ink_chemical.html)

(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T99-4KR3JRN-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F19%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4cd385a5c1de1dcfed135c0fd7b8055b)

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=AbstractPl us&list uids=17959149)


Books:

“Dye”. Groiler Children’s Encyclopedia. 1994. Vol.1.

“Regional Assessment and Collection of Available Dye-Yielding Plants in the
Philippines” Philippine Technology Journal. Taguig, Metro Manila:STII-DOST.
2000.

Batu, Ruby Ann Celeste. “Extracted Dye from Camote Tops” A Junior Research Paper,
MSU-IIT, IDS, Iligan City (2004)

Tibor, Karyl Hamot. “Dye from Coconut Roots”. MSU-IIT, IDS, Iligan City. (1996)

Castillo, Casharelle. “ Comparative Study on the Colorfastness of Commercially
Availiable Synthetic Dye and Natural Dye from Gemilina”
A Junior Research Paper, MSU-IIT, IDS, Iligan City. (2002)

Lomansoc, Jade Kenneth. “Production of Dye from the Sap of an Avocado Seed”
MSU-IIT, IDS, Iligan City. (2004)

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name : Vanica Irish M. Bungco
Nickname : Van-Van, Nike
Place of Birth : Iligan City
Date of Birth : December 13, 1991
Home Address : Block 20 Lot 7 Steeltown Iligan City
City Address : Region 10, Iligan City
Civil Status : Student
Sex : Female
Religion : Roman Catholic
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name : Karen B. Buhia
Nickname : Karz
Place of Birth : Iligan City
Date of Birth : January 21, 1991
Home Address : Bagong Silang, Iligan City
City Address : Region 10, Iligan City
Civil Status : Student
Sex : Female
Religion : Seventh-Day Adventist
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name : April I. Paradela
Nickname : Pril
Place of Birth : Iligan City
Date of Birth : April 13, 1992
Home Address : Buru-un, Iligan City
City Address : Region 10, Iligan City
Civil Status : Student
Sex : Female
Religion : Roman Catholic
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name : Michelle G. Sarona
Nickname : Mitch
Place of Birth : Iligan City
Date of Birth : September 24, 1991
Home Address : Ditucalan, Iligan City
City Address : Region 10, Iligan City
Civil Status : Student
Sex : Female
Religion : Roman Catholic

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Name : Desimie Apple L. Gumabat
Nickname : Dez
Place of Birth : Iligan City
Date of Birth : April 7, 1992
Home Address : Tubod, Iligan City
City Address : Region 10, Iligan City
Civil Status : Student
Sex : Female
Religion : Christian


























“DYE FROM ROUND TURMERIC RHIZOMES”


A Research Paper


Presented to
Iligan City National High School
Iligan City


In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Requirements for Research II

Submitted by:
Vanica Irish Bungco
Michelle G. Sarona
April Rose Paradela
Desimie Gumabat
Karen Buhia



Submitted to:
Mrs. Annallee Aron
(Research Adviser)




APPROVAL SHEET


This research paper attached here, entitled “Dye from Round Turmeric Rhizomes” prepared and Vanica Irish Bungco, April Rose Paradela, and Karen Buhia, Michelle G. Sarona, and Desimie Apple L. Gumabat in partial fulfillment of Research II, is recommended for approval.


Aimee Pareño Alberto Cabungcal Annallee Aron
Panel Member Panel Member Panel Member


This Research paper is hereby approved in fulfillment of the required for the course Research.

Annallee Aron
Research II Adviser

Nida H. Gumera
Science Department Head